Numerical Relay Alstom-GE

Part of the MiCOM P40 platform, the Agile P543 Line Differential Protection numerical relay and P544, P545 & P546 range of transmission-class protection relays provide comprehensive line protection for differential, subcycle distance and directional earth fault applications, with 1/3 pole tripping. This range of products is ideal for HV, EHV and UHV applications on lines and cables of any length.
The MiCOM Agile P543 Relay, P544, P545 & P546 range of transmission-class protection relays provide high speed current differential unit protection. They are designed for overhead line and cable applications, interfacing readily with the longitudinal (end-end) communications channel between line terminals. The interface options support direct fiber optic or multiplexed digital links.

Each of the models offer resident subcycle distance protection to complement the powerful suite of main and backup protection. Full scheme, five-zone distance protection is adopted from the class-leading MiCOMho MiCOM Agile P443. The product line becomes the standard in all HV, EHV and UHV line protection applications, duplicated where dual redundant main protection is demanded. Set any combination of differential, distance, overcurrent and reclosing, depending on the site needs. One universal relay type instead of two or more discrete models means reduced spares holding, less training, and lower cost.

The MiCOM Agile P544 and P546 are suitable for the complex installation and feeders controlled by two circuit breakers such as breaker-and-a-half configurations with dual breaker autoreclose logic schemes with synchrocheck for both breakers.

• A universal relay that reduces spare holding - apply as a current differential relay, a distance relay, or both
• Neutral differential boosts sensitivity of tripping for resistive earth faults, even for lines with heavy load-flow
• Transient biasing reduces CT knee point dimensioning by typically 25% compared to historical applications
• Differential protection adaptable to all different substation topologies: in-zone transformers and unequal line end CT ratios

GE MiCOM Agile P543 Main characteristics:
• Comprehensive communication options including IEC 61850 Edition 1 and Edition 2
• IEC 61850 redundant Ethernet, supporting self healing ring, RSTP, dual homing, PRP or HSR
• Fast subcycle distance protection with 5 quadrilateral or mho zones and setting free power swing detection
• InterMiCOM64 for transmitting 8 digital signals through teleprotection communication links

P543 Relay Key features:
• Current transformer supervision operates with or without voltage inputs, to prevent any spurious tripping and raise the alarm
• True subcycle distance protection with transmission class security and dependability
• Unparallelled speed, security and selectivity
• Compatible with 56/64kbps or 2Mbps for direct fiber or MUX communications channels
• Suitable for use with equal or unequal transmit and receive path delays (eg SDH/SONET)
• Suitable for MPLS differential channels
• Full suite of monitoring, control and recording capabilities plus fault locator, autoreclose and check synchronism
• Harsh environment coating as standard for all GE’s MiCOM P540 series relays protects against corrosive gases such as H2S or SO2
• No internal batteries in GE-branded models – removes a maintenance item and eases air-freight logistics
• NERC CIP cybersecurity
• Binary inputs ESI48-4 EB2 compliant

 Explore GE numerical Relays portfolio with us!

Its flexibility means it can be used with different bus-bar arrangements.The MiCOM Agile P842 Mesh Corner Reclose unit (MCU) provides a flexible, distributed scheme for delayed auto-reclose (DAR) and auto-isolation of a mesh bus station. 

High-speed peer-peer communications

The MiCOM Agile P842 uses high-speed peer-peer communication facilities over ethernet, and provides for the automatic reclosure of circuit breakers. It also ensures automatic isolation of a persistently faulted plant and suppresses ferro-resonance following a system fault.

The equipment is provided on the basis of one MCU per mesh corner. Although each MCU is an autonomous unit, inter-unit communications guarantees co-ordinated control of a complete mesh system.

Flexibility for easy commissioning and fault-finding

The MiCOM Agile P842 ensures that only the faulted electrical plant is isolated for permanent faults. It provides flexibility for different busbar arrangements, carries out system checks, and suppresses ferro-resonance. MiCOM Agile P842 is equipped with real time peer-peer communications and allows easy commissioning and 'fault-finding'.

About MiCOM P40 Agile

Agile’s philosophy is one of continuous improvement in our products and solutions. Our emphasis on communication in MiCOM has become a focus which secures leadership in the digital substation. To mark this phase of evolution, the brand “P40 Agile” is applied to the range. P40 Agile is a mark of performance and quality, proudly available from Agile, and only from Agile.

Key Benefit

• Secure high-speed protection with improved energization inhibiting
• Field-proven algorithms and reliable protection to avoid unwanted trips or under-protection
• Integrated transformer thermal monitoring for asset management maintenance optimization
• Ground current supervised sensitive ground fault protection for detection of ground faults down to 5% of the winding
• Temperature monitoring via remote RTD’s using the RMIO module supporting up to 12 RTDs
• Ease of use and flexibility with one-step setup, universal CT inputs and assignable CT inputs
• Flexible communications with multiple ports and protocols allowing seamless integration
• Powerful Security and hierarchical password control for centralized management
• Drawout design simplifies testing, commissioning and maintenance, thereby increasing process uptime
• Application flexibility with the use of programmable logic elements
• Switchgear diagnostics and easy troubleshooting by trip/close circuit supervision and LED and Digital Output Test Mode
• Environmental monitoring system to monitor operating conditions and plan preventative maintenance
• Robust design exceeding industry standards, with Automotive Grade components and advanced testing procedures such as accelerated life cycle testing
• Draw out or non draw out options available
• Simplified migration of legacy MII Family relays to the 3 Series platform
• Intuitive configuration software and user-friendly logic configuration tool

The Multilin 889 relay, a member of the Multilin 8 Series protective relay platform, has been designed for the protection, control, monitoring and management generators and in-zone transformers used in both industrial and utilities applications.

The Multilin 889 provides advanced, high-speed protection, extensively customizable programmable logic, and flexible configuration capabilities, to maximize the operational performance and life of critical generators.

Equipped with the latest in advanced communications, the Multilin 8 Series supports IEC 61850 Edition 2 ensuring simplified device integration and dual communication ports with IEC 62439/PRP, enabling users to achieve zero latency in communications for high reliability network architectures, ensuring complete asset monitoring and control.

Key Benefits

• Enhanced generator protection algorithms provide sub-cycle differential protection, ensuring faster fault clearing times for reduced generator damage
• Dedicated generator monitoring and control functions providing mission critical operational data to enable a pro-active maintenance approach
• Additional overall generator-transformer differential (87O) providing additional back-up protection
• Advanced differential protection for both generator and in-zone transformer
• Industry standard cyber security tools such as AAA, Radius, RBAC and Syslog enabling NERC/CIP requirements
• Draw-out design simplifies testing and increases process uptime
• Optional Wi-Fi minimizes system configuration and facilitates safe relay programming and diagnostic retrieval
• To simplify the migration and upgrade from an existing SR 489 protection relays, retrofit kits have been developed which significantly simplify the upgrade process.

   MiCOM Agile P547 phase comparison relay provides comprehensive phase comparison line protection including unit protection, subcycle distance and directional earth fault (DEF) for single and three pole tripping applications. It is adapted to two and three-terminal lines, and lines with transformer tee-off feeds.

·        Interfacing with the Power Line Carrier equipment, which operates via the power line, means that the end-to-end scheme communication requires no external signaling channel. VT inputs may be added to enhance protection stability and sensitivity in long line applications, and where single pole tripping is required. Adding voltage inputs supports distance protection and fault location and enhances other MiCOM Agile P547 functions.

Key features:

·        Distance to fault location assists dispatching of maintenance crews

·        Graphical programmable scheme logic eases protection scheme creation, and avoids the need for external logic controllers

·        IEC 61850 redundant Ethernet, supporting self healing ring, RSTP, dual homing, PRP or HSR

·        Optional mho and quadrilaterial subcycle distance protection

·        Full suite of monitoring, control and recording capabilities plus fault locator, autoreclose and check synchronism

·        Harsh environment coating as standard to all MiCOM relay to protect against corrosive gases such as H2S or SO2

Main characteristics:

·        Highly selective unit protection

·        Cost effective alternative to current differential

·        The signaling medium is the power line itself - fully within the maintenance and operational control of the utility, no external communications dependence

·        Advanced charging current compensation and angle-shifting to avoid corona issues - design features to target long-line transmission applications

·        Adaptive mixing of sequence components boosts earth fault sensitivity without compromising detection of phase-phase and three-phase faults

Transformers are high capital assets in electrical power systems. Elimination of all electrical and mechanical stresses, although desirable to preserve transformer life, is impractical. Adaptive techniques to measure, alarm (or trip) and advise on cumulative service can help to schedule preventive maintenance before a costly failure occurs. Internal faults are a risk for all transformers, with short-circuits dissipating the highest localized energy. Unless cleared quickly, the possibility to rewind windings reduces and core damage may become irreparable.

GE's P642, P643 and P645 address all these issues, preserving service life and offering fast protection for transformer faults. A transient bias technique has been included, enhancing relay stability and CT requirements. Hosted on an advanced IED platform, the P64x incorporates differential, REF, thermal, and overfluxing protection, plus backup protection for uncleared external faults. Model variants cover two and three-winding transformers (including auto-transformers), with up to five sets of 3-phase CT inputs.

Key benefits:

• Backup and logging of through faults 
• Simple settings – wizard requires only nameplate data 
• Integrated backup overcurrent per winding or CT input - optional directionalizing when relay fitted with a 3-phase VT  
• Ordering the 3-phase VT permits full monitoring and measurement of power and energy quantities 

Main characteristics:

• Current loop analogue inputs [CLIO] and analogue outputs [RTD] for remote monitoring 
• Optional single or dual redundant Ethernet available for IEC 61850 or DNP3
• Transient biasing reduces CT knee point dimensioning by typically 25% compared to historical applications

GE's Agile P34x generator protection solutions provide extensive functionality to meet all generator and generator - transformer applications, including differential protection for fast and selective tripping of phase and earth faults. All generator protection, control, monitoring, recording and communications components are housed within one box, and the solutions are accompanied by a comprehensive library of hardware options, protection and control functions to meet system requirements.

Key benefits:

• Extensive condition based monitoring features for generators and transformers
• Graphical programmable scheme logic eases protection scheme creation and avoids the need for external logic controllers
• Range of different protocols (MODBUS, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-103 and IEC 61850) are available
• IEC 61850 / DNP3.0 redundant Ethernet, supporting self healing ring, RSTP, dual homing or PRP
• Programmable curves for easy protection customization

Main characteristics:

• Sensitive rotor earth fault protection using low frequency injection method
• Harsh Environment Option to protect against corrosive gases such as H2S or SO2
• Generator and transformer thermal overload, transformer loss of life and through fault monitoring
• Extensive protection for large machines such as pole slipping and 100% stator earth fault protection (3rd harmonic and low frequency injection method)

The MiCOM Agile P543, P544, P545 & P546 range of transmission-class protection relays provide high speed current differential unit protection. They are designed for overhead line and cable applications, interfacing readily with the longitudinal (end-end) communications channel between line terminals. The interface options support direct fiber optic or multiplexed digital links.

Each of the models offer resident subcycle distance protection to complement the powerful suite of main and backup protection. Full scheme, five-zone distance protection is adopted from the class-leading MiCOMho MiCOM Agile P443. The product line becomes the standard in all HV, EHV and UHV line protection applications, duplicated where dual redundant main protection is demanded. Set any combination of differential, distance, overcurrent and reclosing, depending on the site needs. One universal relay type instead of two or more discrete models means reduced spares holding, less training, and lower cost. 

The MiCOM Agile P544 and P546 are suitable for the complex installation and feeders controlled by two circuit breakers such as breaker-and-a-half configurations with dual breaker autoreclose logic schemes with synchrocheck for both breakers.

Key benefits:

• A universal relay that reduces spare holding - apply as a current differential relay, a distance relay, or both
• Neutral differential boosts sensitivity of tripping for resistive earth faults, even for lines with heavy load-flow 
• Transient biasing reduces CT knee point dimensioning by typically 25% compared to historical applications 
• Differential protection adaptable to all different substation topologies: in-zone transformers and unequal line end CT ratios 

Main characteristics:

• Comprehensive communication options including IEC 61850 Edition 1 and Edition 2
• IEC 61850 redundant Ethernet, supporting self healing ring, RSTP, dual homing, PRP or HSR
• Fast subcycle distance protection with 5 quadrilateral or mho zones and setting free power swing detection
• InterMiCOM64 for transmitting 8 digital signals through teleprotection communication links

• Comprehensive, flexible communications options with a number of protocols and ports available
• User-friendly programmable scheme logic allows easy customization of the protection and control functions
• Binary inputs offer programmable pickup voltage thresholds and filtering enabling a truly universal application
• High break output contacts eliminate reliance on auxiliary devices
• Unique low frequency protection for variable speed double fed induction machines
• Rotor earth fault protection

GE''''s Agile P346 generator protection solutions provide extensive functionality to meet all generator and generator - transformer applications, including differential protection for fast and selective tripping of phase and earth faults. All generator protection, control, monitoring, recording and communications components are housed within one box, and the solutions are accompanied by a comprehensive library of hardware options, protection and control functions to meet system requirements.

GE Micom Agile P346 Key benefits:

• Extensive condition based monitoring features for generators and transformers
• Graphical programmable scheme logic eases protection scheme creation and avoids the need for external logic controllers
• Range of different protocols (MODBUS, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-103 and IEC 61850) are available
• IEC 61850 / DNP3.0 redundant Ethernet, supporting self healing ring, RSTP, dual homing or PRP
• Programmable curves for easy protection customization

Alstom P346 Numerical Relays Main characteristics:

• Sensitive rotor earth fault protection using low frequency injection method
• Harsh Environment Option to protect against corrosive gases such as H2S or SO2
• Generator and transformer thermal overload, transformer loss of life and through fault monitoring
• Extensive protection for large machines such as pole slipping and 100% stator earth fault protection (3rd harmonic and low frequency injection method)

We offer Micom Alstom P346 relay and GEs century long tradition of power system innovation. From generators to transmission lines, to motors and beyond, we ensure dependable, safe power worldwide. GE offers a wide range of single function and auxiliary relays, along with a portfolio of accessories, to support high performing and reliable protection and control systems. Explore GE numerical Relays portfolio with us!

GE's Agile P34x generator protection solutions provide extensive functionality to meet all generator and generator - transformer applications, including differential protection for fast and selective tripping of phase and earth faults. All generator protection, control, monitoring, recording and communications components are housed within one box, and the solutions are accompanied by a comprehensive library of hardware options, protection and control functions to meet system requirements.

Key benefits:

• Extensive condition based monitoring features for generators and transformers
• Graphical programmable scheme logic eases protection scheme creation and avoids the need for external logic controllers
• Range of different protocols (MODBUS, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-103 and IEC 61850) are available
• IEC 61850 / DNP3.0 redundant Ethernet, supporting self healing ring, RSTP, dual homing or PRP
• Programmable curves for easy protection customization

Main characteristics:

• Sensitive rotor earth fault protection using low frequency injection method
• Harsh Environment Option to protect against corrosive gases such as H2S or SO2
• Generator and transformer thermal overload, transformer loss of life and through fault monitoring
• Extensive protection for large machines such as pole slipping and 100% stator earth fault protection (3rd harmonic and low frequency injection method)

The P391 rotor earth fault module provides detection of rotor earth fault faults in the field winding of the generator with the P342-6 generator protection relays. GE's Agile P34x generator protection solutions provide extensive functionality to meet all generator and generator - transformer applications, including differential protection for fast and selective tripping of phase and earth faults. All generator protection, control, monitoring, recording and communications components are housed within one box, and the solutions are accompanied by a comprehensive library of hardware options, protection and control functions to meet system requirements.

Key benefits:

• Extensive condition based monitoring features for generators and transformers
• Graphical programmable scheme logic eases protection scheme creation and avoids the need for external logic controllers
• Range of different protocols (MODBUS, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-103 and IEC 61850) are available
• IEC 61850 / DNP3.0 redundant Ethernet, supporting self healing ring, RSTP, dual homing or PRP
• Programmable curves for easy protection customization

Main characteristics:

• Sensitive rotor earth fault protection using low frequency injection method
• Harsh Environment Option to protect against corrosive gases such as H2S or SO2
• Generator and transformer thermal overload, transformer loss of life and through fault monitoring
• Extensive protection for large machines such as pole slipping and 100% stator earth fault protection (3rd harmonic and low frequency injection method)

The MiCOM Agile P747 provides complete protection for voltage levels up to extra high voltage busbar configurations with a centralized 3-box architecture. The MiCOM Agile P747 can accommodate up to 4 zones plus check zone and protect up to 18 terminals. The MiCOM Agile P747 Is particularly useful in double busbar with double bus coupler applications and allows a high number of opto inputs, relay outputs, and virtual inputs and outputs to manage the complete substation scheme.

The MiCOM Agile P747 also incorporates enhanced circuit breaker failure logic with additional protection functions such as dead zone and overcurrent. In addition, the MiCOM Agile P747 provides a wide range of measurement, monitoring, post fault analysis and self-diagnostic features. Powerful programmable scheme logic, trip circuit supervision, fully customizable menu texts, multi-level password protection, on-line measurements and plant status monitoring are all included. MiCOM Agile P747 employs an innovative external fault detection algorithm to ensure stability when CTs become saturated.

Key benefits:

• Tripping time is independent of substation topology and number of feeders
• User-friendly software tools for scheme monitoring
• Built-in CT saturation proof breaker failure protection
• Harsh environment protection extends the life of the product

The MiCOM Agile P541 & P542 series provide high speed current differential unit protection. They are designed for overhead line and cable applications, interfacing readily with the longitudinal (end-end) communications channel between line terminals. The interface options support direct fiber optic or multiplexed digital links.

Key features:

• Differential protection adaptable to different substation topologies: e.g. 2 or 3 terminal lines/cables, in-zone transformers, 3 pole tripping
• An ideal economy solution for distribution applications
• Small case width eases retrofitting tasks

Main characteristics:

• Choice of communication protocols (IEC 60870-5-103, Modbus & Courier)
• Time synchronization via RS485, IRIG-B (modulated/unmodulated) or opto inputs
• Harsh environment coating as standard to all MiCOM relay to protect against corrosive gases such as H₂S or SO₂
• InterMiCOM for transmitting 8 digital signals through teleprotection communication links
• 4 independent setting groups

The MiCOM Agile P74x offers high performance, secure and sensitive protection for all types of busbar configurations at all voltage levels. Consisting of the Agile P741, P742 and P743 relays, the P74x platform is engineered to provide a centralized or distributed architecture with CT saturation detection, dynamic topology processing algorithms and a fast reset (less than 1 cycle) circuit breaker failure element.

Key benefits:

• Tripping time is constant, less than 1 cycle and independent of the fault current, the substation topology and the number of feeders
• Free of charge software tools for easy scheme monitoring
• Connection between central and peripheral units is by fiber, eliminating EMC, touch and step potential issues

• Typical operating time of 8ms with high speed/high break contacts, 13ms with standard contacts
• Sensitive earth fault elements improve detection of resistive or arcing faults
• Phase segregated biased current differential high speed busbar protection
• Easy maintenance, operation and future expansion of the busbar supported
• Up to 28 peripheral units supported - scalable busbar solutions from medium to large substations

Key benefits:

• Interoperable with all classes of CT: IEEE, IEC, air-gapped, non-gapped, and CTs with moderate knee point voltage
• IEC 61850 redundant Ethernet, supporting self healing ring, RSTP, dual homing, PRP or HSR
• True subcycle busbar protection - transmission class security and dependability

Dealer of ALSTOM GE MiCOM Agile P54A, P54B, P54C & P54E Multi-Ended Line Differential Protection Relays-Alstom-GE Transmission distance Protection Relay, GE Cable Differential Protection Relay, ALSTOM-GE Line differential Protection Relay, Supplier of Micom Line Differential Protection Relays in India- 
The MiCOM P54A/B/C/E range is designed for overhead line and cable applications up to 6 terminals, interfacing readily with the longitudinal (end-to-end) communications channel between line terminals. Previously, transmission and distribution circuits would have two or three ends only, whereas five or more ends are becoming common to connect renewable generation. All models are ready for protection topologies ranging from two to six terminals, whether those multi-terminals exist now, or are provisioned for connection in the future.

Multi-ended current differential protection uses a high-speed and innovative biased differential characteristic. Phase-segregated differential elements provide consistent detection of solid and resistive faults.

This product is under last-time buy. Orders may be placed until 31st December 2021, and will be fulfilled based upon availability. As an alternative, please refer to the 889 relay.

The SR489 Generator Protection System, a member of the SR family of relays, provides protection, control and advanced communications in a cost effective industry leading draw-out construction. Designed for small and medium sized generators, the 489 delivers advanced protection including generator stator differential protection. The 489 also includes detailed diagnostic information allowing for reduced troubleshooting time.

Key Benefits

Complete, secure protection of small to medium sized generators
Easy to use generator protection supported by industry leading software tools.
Advanced protection and monitoring features including the use of RTDs for stator and bearing thermal protection and Analog Inputs for vibration monitoring
Draw-out construction allowing for minimized downtime and easy removal/installation of the 489 during maintenance routines
Large, user-friendly front panel interface
Enhanced generator troubleshooting through the use of IRIG-B time synchronized event records, waveform capturing, and data loggers
Simplified setpoint verification testing using built in waveform simulation functionality
Cost effective communication through industry standard hardware (RS232, RS485, 10BaseT Ethernet) and protocols (Modbus RTU, Modbus TCP/IP, DNP 3.0)
Harsh Chemical Environment Option

Built on the industry-leading UR platform, the G30 provides advanced protection for small to medium-sized steam, hydraulic and combustion-turbine generators. The G30 is also well suited for applications where both the generator and transformer are in the same zone of protection, providing the required protection in one device. The G30 provides advanced communication with an integrated managed Ethernet switch, while supporting standard communication protocols including IEC 61850.

Key Benefits

• Complete protection for small to medium-sized generators and transformers
• Advanced IEC 61850 Ed. 1 and Ed. 2 certified implementation, complete settings via SCL files and flexible process bus support (IEC 61850-9-2LE or IEC 61850-9-2 Hardfiber) ensures interoperability, device managing optimization and reduced cost of ownership
• Routable GOOSE (R-GOOSE) enables GOOSE messages going beyond the substation, which enables wide area protection and control applications
• Combined generator and transformer protection
• Robust network security enabling Critical Infrastructure Protection through user command logging, and dual permission access control
• Application flexibility with multiple I/O options including high density I/O, programmable logic, modularity, and specific customization
• High-speed peer-to-peer communications allowing reduction of relay-to-relay wiring and associated installation costs
• An integrated large, full color display, provides real-time visualization and control of the protected bay, via a bay mimic as well as annunciator functionality and graphical visualization of phasors

The P847 Phasor Measurement Unit forms part of GE’s system monitoring and control. The devices is used to measure power system data in real time and report to the PDC (Phasor Data Concentrator) for visualization, data storage and most importantly for running a variety of ‘on line’ and ‘off line’ applications in systems analysis and control. The ultimate goal is to run the system economically and preserve system stability following major disturbances.

The P847 is GPS synchronized externally through a fiber-optic input (1PPS) and connected to an accurate IRIG-B source (the P594). The PMU function is designed to support IEEE C37.118 – 2011 (2014 amendment) with enhanced performance under off-nominal and dynamic system conditions due to an advanced frequency tracking algorithm.

Basic description:

• Measures accurate, time-synchronized power system data
• A key component of wide area monitoring, protection and control systems (WAMPACs)
• Applications include: state estimation, situational awareness, stability monitoring, forensic analysis, network resynchronization
• Available in 3 CT/3 VT, 6 CT/6 VT or 12 CT/6 VT configurations
• Supports IEEE C37.118.2 synchrophasor protocols – TCP/IP, UDP unicast and UDP multicast (commanded or spontaneous)
• Dual streaming of phasors via 2 independently configurable Ethernet ports

Overall differentiation factors:

• Stand-alone PMU function in hardware familiar, hardened and well-proven in the substation environment
• 2014 standard compliant - essential to ensure correct PMU response under dynamic system events when the PMU is most needed
• Real-time monitoring and control of the power system, especially when coupled with Alstom''''s e-terra and Psymetrix PhasorPoint solutions
• Set and commissioned within the same MiCOM S1 Agile tool suite as per MiCOM P40 protection relays

Key customer benefits:

• Real time monitoring and control of the power system
• Improved accuracy, latency and reporting rates versus SCADA data
• Flexible communications
• Graphical programmable scheme logic (PSL) eases protection scheme creation, and avoids the need for external logic controllers

Main characteristics:

• Transmits IEEE C37.118-2005 synchrophasor data at up to 60 frames per second
• Available with a full suite of back-up protection functions
• IEC 61850 or DNP3 Ethernet station bus communication
• Transmitted time-tagged signals are phase currents, voltages, their derivatives, frequency, rate of change of frequency plus binary signals